learning Objectives - Describe the pathophysiological mechanism of diseases
Hours - 2
Teaching and Learning Activities - Lecture cum discussion Topic presentation
Assessment Methods - Short answer Essay type
Content of the chapter
a) Stress adaptation stressors, management,
Nursing interventions
b) Inflammation
c) Defense against injury
d) Nutritional consideration
Pathophysiological Mechanism of Disease
Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of disease or injury. Understanding pathophysiological mechanisms helps nurses recognize clinical manifestations, plan appropriate nursing care, and prevent complications.
Content of the Chapter
a) Stress Adaptation, Stressors, Management, and Nursing Interventions
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to internal or external demands called stressors.
Stress Adaptation
- Alarm stage: Body prepares to face stress (fight or flight response)
- Resistance stage: Body adapts to stress and attempts to restore balance
- Exhaustion stage: Prolonged stress leads to depletion of body resources
Stressors
- Physical (pain, illness, injury)
- Psychological (anxiety, fear, depression)
- Social (family problems, financial stress)
- Environmental (noise, pollution, temperature)
Management of Stress
- Relaxation techniques
- Adequate rest and sleep
- Physical exercise
- Counseling and emotional support
- Medication when required
Nursing Interventions
- Identify sources of stress
- Provide emotional support and reassurance
- Encourage relaxation techniques
- Educate about coping strategies
- Promote healthy lifestyle practices
b) Inflammation
Inflammation is a protective response of the body to injury, infection, or tissue damage.
Causes of Inflammation
- Infection
- Physical injury
- Chemical agents
- Foreign bodies
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
Types of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation
- Chronic inflammation
Nursing Care
- Monitor signs of infection
- Administer prescribed medications
- Maintain rest of the affected part
- Provide patient education
c) Defense Against Injury
The body has several defense mechanisms to protect against injury and infection.
Types of Defense Mechanisms
- Physical barriers: Skin and mucous membranes
- Chemical defenses: Gastric acid, enzymes
- Immune response: White blood cells, antibodies
- Inflammatory response: Helps localize and eliminate injury
Nursing Role
- Maintain aseptic techniques
- Monitor immune response
- Promote hygiene and infection control
- Support immunization programs
d) Nutritional Considerations
Nutrition plays a vital role in prevention, recovery, and management of disease.
Importance of Nutrition
- Enhances immune function
- Promotes tissue repair
- Maintains energy balance
Nutritional Considerations in Disease
- Adequate protein intake for healing
- Vitamins and minerals for immunity
- Fluid balance
- Disease-specific diet modifications
Nursing Responsibilities
- Assess nutritional status
- Plan appropriate diet
- Educate patient on healthy eating habits
- Monitor intake and output
Conclusion
Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease enables nurses to provide effective, evidence-based care. Proper stress management, control of inflammation, support of defense mechanisms, and adequate nutrition are essential components in maintaining health and promoting recovery.